By Douglas Alencar (CFC-GS/UFPA) Current macroeconomic policymaking faces a major challenge: the sustainability trilemma. Governments are expected to achieve three fundamental objectives simultaneously: boosting economic growth, promoting income distribution, and ensuring the reduction of CO₂ emissions. The problem is that, without intentional state coordination, expanding production and improving wages tend to put pressure on energy consumption and polluting inputs, creating

By Andressa Lima (CFC-GS/UFPA) International climate finance for developing countries continued to grow in 2024. According to the report Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2024, published in 2026 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), developed countries provided and mobilised USD 136.7 billion for climate action in developing countries in the latest year covered

By Andressa Lima (CFC-GS/ UFPA) When discussing climate finance, it is natural to think first about resources for clean energy, emissions reductions, forest protection, or climate change adaptation. But there is a question that comes before that: how can we know where to act, track progress, and assess results if the available information still contains gaps? How can we estimate

By Álvaro Marcelino Nunes (PPGE/UFPA) Reconciling the expansion of productive activities with environmental conservation is the greatest macroeconomic challenge facing the contemporary Amazon. In Brazil’s Northern region, the main public instrument for mitigating regional disparities is the Constitutional Financing Fund of the North (Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Norte – FNO), established by the 1988 Federal Constitution and regulated by

By Alcilene Farias (CFC-GS/ UFPA) Given the growing urgency of mobilizing resources to address the global climate crisis, discussions on climate finance ahead of COP30 in Belém became a priority. During COP29 in Baku, a commitment was established to increase resources allocated to developing countries to US$300 billion annually by 2035, in addition to the goal of mobilizing up to

By Yandra França (CFC-GS/UFPA) El Niño has reached Brazil, reigniting debates on climate finance and the urgency of the climate transition. Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and heat waves have increasingly become warning signs in everyday Brazilian life. These events make it strikingly clear that the climate crisis is not merely an environmental issue, but also an economic, social,

By Juan Carlos Neves Pereira (CFC-GS/UFPA) The creation of the Brazilian Emissions Trading System (Sistema Brasileiro de Comércio de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa – SBCE) through Federal Law No. 15,042 of December 11, 2024, represents one of the most significant advances in Brazil’s national climate policy. The new legislation introduced a regulated carbon market, replacing the previous system

By Tiago da Silva Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Amazon is one of the world’s most important regions for maintaining climate balance. Its forests play an essential role in regulating rainfall patterns, absorbing carbon, and preserving global biodiversity. According to Santos and Moraes (2025), “its biodiversity is linked to a complex and unique ecosystem, in addition to containing vast mineral reserves and

By Sândrya Neves (CFC-GS/UFPA) Within the framework of international cooperation on environmental and climate issues, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become one of the primary objectives of global agreements. Since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, discussions have focused on mechanisms capable of encouraging, including through economic incentives, the reduction of these emissions. In this context, carbon credits emerged

By Yandra França (CFC-GS/UFPA) Presented in 2007, during the Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Bali, the concept of the Amazon Fund emerged to encourage the actions established in the Sustainable Amazon Plan (PAS) (https://www.fundoamazonia.gov.br/export/sites/default/pt/.galleries/documentos/biblioteca/PAS-Presidencia-Republica.pdf) and in the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm) (https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/controle-ao-desmatamento-queimadas-e-ordenamento-ambiental-territorial/controle-do-desmatamento-1/amazonia-ppcdam-1). It was officially established by Decree

By Lucas Ribeiro Cunha (CFC-GS/UFPA) In recent decades, the climate crisis has moved beyond being a topic exclusive to environmentalists and scientists to take center stage in corporate strategies, financial reports, and even on supermarket shelves. As consumers’ environmental awareness has grown and capital markets have exerted pressure for ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria, companies have begun investing in

By Luan Felipe Gloria (CFC-GS/UFPA) Caixa Econômica Federal (Caixa) plays a key role in Brazilian climate finance; it differs from the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) in that its focus is on urban development, housing, sanitation, and support for small municipalities. Caixa seeks to provide the financial conditions to promote cities’ adaptation to climate change, including projects such as the revitalization

By Alcilene Farias (CFC-GS/UFPA) What is the Climate Fund? The National Fund on Climate Change, established by Law No. 12,114/2009, is a public policy instrument designed to finance actions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation in Brazil. Linked to the Ministry of the Environment, the fund was designed to support initiatives that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and

By Tiago da Silva Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) Banco do Brasil, a public financial institution founded in 1808, plays a central role in the national financial system, offering a wide range of services. However, this study focuses on its leading role in climate finance in Brazil, particularly in supporting sustainable initiatives and promoting a low-carbon economy. According to Lima (2025), “climate finance

By Lucas Ribeiro Cunha (CFC-GS/UFPA) Green bonds are debt instruments whose proceeds must be used to finance projects with positive environmental benefits, such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation, sustainable management of natural resources, and pollution control. The mechanism functions like a conventional bond, such that an investor purchases the bond and receives a return, but with the distinction

By Juan Carlos Pereira (CFC-GS/UFPA) Banco da Amazônia (BASA) has established itself as the central pillar of the financial architecture dedicated to the sustainable development of the Legal Amazon, moving beyond its historical role as a development bank to take a leading role in regional climate finance. This transition is taking place at a critical moment, when the preservation of

By Luan Gloria (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Adaptation Fund is an international fund established under the Kyoto Protocol and is currently linked to the Paris Agreement. Its purpose is to finance climate projects in developing countries, which are likely to suffer the most damage from climate change. The Paris Agreement, of which the Fund is a part, established an ambitious goal of

By Alcilene Farias (CFC-GS/UFPA) What is the Green Climate Fund? The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is an international climate finance fund established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with the aim of financing actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change, particularly in developing countries (UNEP, 2025). The fund was

By Sândrya Neves (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) is a type of international climate finance established under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to support countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change. This fund was established in 2001, during the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP7), with the primary objective of financing adaptation actions

By Yandra França (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is an initiative established in 1991 following the Earth Summit (Eco-92) as a pilot program of the World Bank, designed as an international initiative to finance projects addressing global environmental challenges. Operating as a multilateral fund (Learn more about multilateral funds), it pools resources from various countries, financial organizations, and international

By Tiago Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) The BioCarbon Fund for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL) is a strategic multilateral cooperation initiative administered by the World Bank and funded by donor countries. Its primary objective is to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with land use. To achieve this goal, the fund promotes integrated actions that include combating deforestation and forest

By Juan Carlos Pereira (CFC-GS/UFPA) The current climate change mitigation landscape recognizes the preservation of tropical and subtropical forests as an indispensable pillar for achieving the goals set forth in the Paris Agreement. Forests store approximately 80% of terrestrial carbon above ground and 40% of carbon below ground, but their destruction remains a critical source of emissions, accounting for about

By Lucas Cunha (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Climate Investment Funds (CIF) is one of the world’s largest multilateral climate finance mechanisms, with $12.5 billion committed since its creation in 2008 and investments in nearly 400 projects across 82 low- and middle-income countries. Created as an initiative of the G8 and G20, the CIF operates uniquely within the climate finance landscape, distinguished by

By Luan Gloria (CFC-GS/UFPA) The conservation of the Negro River Basin, home to the world’s largest dark-water river, is crucial and extends beyond its traditional population. It receives strong support from international partnerships, which provide financial resources to ensure the environmental protection of this region. The Negro River originates in Colombia, where it is called the “Guiania River,” flows through

By Tiago Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) The Amazon is the largest tropical rainforest on the planet and plays a vital role in the global climate balance. However, the advance of deforestation, mining, and agricultural expansion threatens its biodiversity and its indigenous peoples. In this context, environmental organizations have been working to protect this region. Among them is the Amazon Conservation Association, an