By Lucas Ribeiro (CFC-GS/UFPA) In the previous blog, we explored how Arthur Pigou pioneered the economic understanding of environmental externalities by demonstrating that productive activities can generate social costs that are not internalized by economic agents. Based on this finding, Pigou advocated state intervention through corrective taxes and fiscal incentives as a way to restore social welfare. However, throughout the

By Luan Gloria (CFC-GS/UFPA) In the 21st century, the internet and global connectivity have become vital. There is a growing demand to expand the use of technologies, overcoming barriers. However, this vast network and the large volume of data generate direct environmental impacts. Although these effects may not be perceived by the end consumer, the virtual “world” is intrinsically dependent

By Tiago Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) Talking about the “end of the world” may sound like an exaggeration, even a meme, but the truth is that the signs are everywhere: extreme heat waves, water shortages, record floods, fires that turn entire cities into smoke. Science leaves no doubt: if nothing changes, the planet will continue to move toward a point of no

By Sândrya Neves (CFC-GS/UFPA) The climate emergency has pushed the world into new scenarios in which the economy, the market, and especially agriculture need to adapt to unprecedented rates of change. In this context, cities also become central and immediate elements of change, since they concentrate populations and infrastructure essential to ensuring minimum conditions of safety and well-being, especially those

By Yandra França (CFC-GS/UFPA) The urgency of transitioning the global economy towards sustainability is no longer news, nor is the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this regard, Brazil faces a unique transition: rural, forestry, urban, and industrial all at the same time. It is in this context that, through Law No. 12,144/2009 of 2009, the Brazilian

By Alcilene Farias (CFC-GS/UFPA) The climate crisis and poverty are closely linked, as changes in climate tend to widen social and economic inequalities. In general, those who have contributed least to the problem suffer most from its effects. Although developed countries have historically been responsible for most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is the poorest populations, especially in the Global

By Lucas Ribeiro Cunha (CFC-GS/UFPA) The history of environmental economic thought cannot be told without mentioning Arthur Cecil Pigou, economist and author of “The Economics of Welfare” (1920), who was the first to systematize the idea that the state should intervene in the economy to correct market failures, especially those that generate negative externalities. His theoretical contribution became the foundation

By Douglas Alencar (CFC-GS/UFPA) & Andressa Lima (CFC-GS/UFPA) Financing through the Constitutional Development Funds, the Constitutional Fund for Financing the North (FNO) and the Constitutional Fund for Financing the Northeast (FNE), plays an important role in stimulating investment and boosting regional economies. An analysis of the temporal evolution and sectoral distribution of these resources between 2015 and 2024 reveals both

By Cláudio Puty (UFPA/CFC-GS) Many assessments of COP30 in Belém have already been made, and there seems to be relatively broad recognition that something important happened there: the vibrant presence of civil society, the strength of indigenous voices, social diversity occupying a democratic space, and this, in itself, is not trivial. Still, the decisions fell far short of what the

By Juan Carlos Pereira (UFPA/CFC-GS) So-called climate colonialism expresses a new configuration of global domination, in which economically powerful nations use environmental discourse to maintain their exploitation of countries in the Global South. According to Martinez (2014), this logic is based on the justification of reducing the impacts of global warming, while Táíwò (2019) interprets the phenomenon as the continuation

By Tiago da Silva Conceição (CFC-GS/UFPA) The advancement of climate finance policies in the Amazon has sparked important debates in the field of territorial justice and social inclusion, especially in the state of Pará, a territory marked by extensive areas of forest and the presence of numerous quilombola communities. The implementation of the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

By Sândrya Neves (UFPA/CFC-GS) The climate crisis has become one of the main challenges of the 21st century, due to extreme weather events and the intensification of meteorological phenomena on a global scale. This reality, directly associated with the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from human activities such as changes in land use and land cover, energy generation,

By Yandra França (UFPA/CFC-GS) We are less than 15 days away from the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 30, in Belém, which is already shaping up to be a historic event. It will inaugurate the heart of the Amazon—the largest tropical biome on the planet—as the stage for climate negotiations. Traditionally, conferences have been dominated by countries in the

By Luan Gloria (UFPA/CFC-GS) In the new global climate configuration, the carbon credit market, which consists of the purchase and sale of carbon emission quotas, emerges as an alternative to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases (GHG). This market was formalized in 1997 at the Third Conference of the Parties (COP 3) in Kyoto, Japan. The document that outlined the

By Alcilene Farias (UFPA/CFC-GS) Next month, between November 10 and 21, Belém will host the 30th Conference of the Parties – COP 30 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The event will bring together leaders, scientists, and activists to discuss and negotiate actions needed to combat the climate crisis. The choice of Belém as the host

From Tax Incentives (Bill 2148/15) to the Regulated Market (Law 15,042/24): the Regulatory Process of the Carbon Market in Brazil By Lucas Cunha (UFPA/CFC-GS)¹ In Brazil, Law No. 15,042, dated December 11, 2024, was responsible for regulating the Carbon Market, establishing the Brazilian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System (SBCE) (Brazil, 2024). The legislative construction deserves to be analyzed with the

By Juan Carlos Pereira (UFPA/CFC-GS) Starting in the late 1970s, reports from foreign environmentalists drew attention to the environmental and social impacts caused by large projects in the Amazon. This international repercussion led financing organizations, such as the World Bank (IBRD) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), to require that the projects they financed undergo environmental impact studies. As the

By Anit Mukherjee (ORF America/ CFC-GS) With exactly two months to go before the heads of governments land in the Belém for the summit of leaders ahead of the formal opening of the 30th UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP30), climate commitments are falling short of the urgency needed to address the crisis. Only 30 countries have submitted their updated Nationally

By Andressa Lima (UFPA / CFC-GS) Climate finance is one of the key instruments to enable the transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy. Since the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the mobilization of financial resources has become a central theme at the Conferences of the Parties (COPs), which year after year seek to align global commitments to

Douglas Alencar (UFPA/CFC-GS) and Andressa Lima (UFPA/CFC-GS) Climate finance in Latin America has followed distinct trajectories in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico over the past decade. Data from 2014 to 2023 reveal not only differences in volume, but also in the composition and allocation of resources. Brazil has consolidated its position as the largest recipient, with consistently higher values and peaks

By Andressa Lima (UFPA/CFC-GS) The debate on climate finance has gained increasing relevance in international negotiations and national public policies. Knowing where resources come from, where they go, and what objectives they serve is essential not only for governments and multilateral institutions but also for researchers, civil society, and journalists monitoring whether global pledges are truly being translated into concrete

By Douglas Alencar (UFPA/CFC-GS) and Andressa Lima (UFPA/CFC-GS) Between 2014 and 2023, Mexico received significant volumes of climate finance, essential to driving mitigation, adaptation, and integrated projects in response to the challenges posed by climate change. These resources, originating from different financial instruments and showing considerable annual variation, reflect both the opportunities and the limitations in accessing capital for environmental

By Andressa Lima (UFPA/CFC‑GS) Climate finance has emerged as a cornerstone of the global environmental agenda. In Argentina, this issue is particularly strategic given the country’s socioeconomic vulnerabilities and exposure to climate risks. At its core, climate finance refers to public and private financial flows aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or adapting to climate change impacts. As a signatory

By Douglas Alencar (UFPA/CFC-GS) and Andressa Lima (UFPA/CFC-GS) In recent decades, climate finance has become a key element in addressing climate change, especially in the context of growing climate inequalities between countries in the Global North and South. For Latin America—a region highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change but with uneven response capacity—understanding how international climate resources have

By Andressa Lima (UFPA/ CFC-GS) International climate finance to Brazil has become one of the key pillars for enabling the country’s ecological transition. In 2023, the amount of resources committed by international donors reached significant levels, revealing both the priorities of funders and the strategies adopted by Brazilian institutions to access these funds. A detailed analysis of the most recent